Kumanoa virgatodecaiseana (Sirodot) Entwisle, M.L. Vis, W.B. Chiasson, Necchi & A.R. Sherwood  

"Plants moderately mucilaginous, delicate; branching irregular and abundant; apices straight, apical cells embedded within the fascicles; 2.0-8.0 cm high, 275-700 µm in diameter. Whorls well developed, usually distinct and separated, obconic, barrel-shaped or sub-spherical. Internode 300-550 µm long. Pericentral cells ovoid with 2-3 primary fascicles; rhizoidal filaments well developed, forming 2-3 layers of cylindrical cells. Primary fascicles straight, 6-12 cell-storeys, proximal cells elliptical or cylindrical, L/D 4-6; distal cells elliptical or obovoid, L/D 1.5-3; branching di- or trichotomous. Secondary fascicles abundant, covering two-thirds or the entire internode and as long as primary fascicles.

Monoecious. Spermatangia obovoid or sub-spherical, terminal or sub-terminal on primary or secondary fascicles, 5.0-7.0 µm in diameter. Carpogonial branches straight, curled or less often helically twisted, arising from pericentral cells, composed of 3-6 disc- or barrel-shaped cells; involucral filaments short, 1-3 cell-storeys; carpogonia inserted off-center in the carpogonial branches distal cell, 19.0-35.0 µm long; trichogynes elliptical, lanceolate or club-shaped, unstalked, 5.0-11.5 µm in diameter. Carposporophytes 1-2 per whorl, dense, semi-spherical, lower than the whorl radius, (80-)120-270(-320) µm in diameter, (70-)100-230(-285) µm high; gonimoblast filaments 4-7 cell-storeys; cells cylindrical, elliptical or barrel-shaped; carposporangia obovoid, elliptical or pear-shaped, 10.5-16.5 µm long, 7.0-11.0 µm in diameter."

Necchi, O. Jr. & Vis, M.L. 2012. Monograph of the genus Kumanoa (Rhodophyta, Batrachospermales). Bibliotheca Phycologica 116. J. Cramer. Pp. 78. ISBN 978-3-443-60043-3.

Kumano, S. Freshwater red algae of the world. Biopress, Ltd. 375 pp.

Sirodot, S. 1884. Les Batrachospermales: organisation, fonctions, developpment, clasification. Paris. 299 pp., 50 pls.