Kumanoa deminuta (Entiwisle & Foard) Entwisle, M.L. Vis, W.B. Chiasson, Necchi & A.R. Sherwood  

"Plants moderately mucilaginous, delicate; branching irregular and abundant; apices straight, apical cells protruding from the tips; 2.0-5.0 cm high, 100-160 µm in diameter. Whorls reduced, usually distinct and confluent, obconic or elongate-obconic. Internode 110-230 µm long. Pericentral cells ovoid with 1-2 primary fascicles; rhizoidal filaments well developed, forming 1-2 layers of cylindrical cells. Primary fascicles curved distally, 4-7 cell-storeys; proximal cells cylindrical or elliptical, L/D 2-4; distal cells elliptical or obovoid, L/D 1.2-2.2; branching dichotomous. Secondary fascicles abundant, covering the entire internode and as long as primary fascicles.

Monoecious. Spermatangia sub-spherical or spherical, terminal or sub-terminal on primary or secondary fascicles, 5.0-6.5 µm in diameter. Carpogonial branches, helically twisted, arising from pericentral cells, composed of 11-19 disc- or barrel-shaped cells; involucral filaments short, 1-3 cell-storeys; carpogonia 34-39 µm long; trichogynes club-shaped, elliptical or fusiform, unstalked, 4.0-8.0 µm in diameter. Carposporophytes 1-2 per whorl, dense, semi-spherical, higher than the whorl radius, 150-230 µm in diameter, 80-150 µm high; gonimoblast filaments 4-9 cell-storeys; cells cylindrical or barrel-shaped; carposporangia sub-spherical or obovoid, 7.0-13.0 µm long, 7.0-11.0 µm in diameter."

Necchi, O. Jr. & Vis, M.L. 2012. Monograph of the genus Kumanoa (Rhodophyta, Batrachospermales). Bibliotheca Phycologica 116. J. Cramer. Pp. 78. ISBN 978-3-443-60043-3.

Kumano, S. 2002. Freshwater red algae of the world. Biopress Ltd. 375pp.

Entwisle, T. J. & Foard, H. J. 1999. Batrachospermum (Batrachospermales, Rhodophyta) in Australia and New Zealand: New taxa records in Sections Contorta and Hybrida. Austral. Syst. Bot. 12: 615-633.