Kumanoa australica (Kutzing ex Entwisle & Foard) Entwisle, M.L. Vis, W.B. Chiasson, Necchi & A.R. Sherwood  

"Plants moderately mucilaginous, delicate; branching irregular and abundant; apices straight, apical cells embedded within fascicle tips; 2.0-5.0 cm high, 260-410 µm in diameter. Whorls well developed, usually distinct and confluent, obconic or elongate-obconic. Internode 250-750 µm long. Pericentral cells ovoid with 2 primary fascicles; rhizoidal filaments well developed, forming 1-2 layers of cylindrical cells. Primary fascicles straight, (6-)7-12 cell-storeys; proximal cells cylindrical, elliptical or fusiform, L/D 4-7; distal cells elliptical or fusiform, L/D 2.5-5.0; branching dichotomous. Secondary fascicles abundant, covering the entire internode and as long as primary fascicles.

Monoecious. Spermatangia sub-spherical or spherical, terminal or sub-terminal on primary or secondary fascicles, forming clusters, 4.0-6.0 µm in diameter. Carpogonial branches, helically twisted, arising from pericentral cells, composed of (11-)15-21(-26) disc- or barrel-shaped cells; involucral filaments short, 1-3 cell-storeys; carpogonia 30-50 µm long; trichogyness club-shaped, cylindrical or fusiform, unstalked, 4.0-8.0 µm in diameter. Carposporophytes 1-2 per whorl, dense, semi-spherical, lower, rarely higher than the whorl radius, 115-200 µm in diameter, 60-110 µm high; gonimoblast filaments 3-6 cell-storeys; cells cylindrical or barrel-shaped; carposporangia obovoid or sub-spherical, 10.0-17.0 µm long, 9.0-12.0 µm in diameter."

Necchi, O. Jr. & Vis, M.L. 2012. Monograph of the genus Kumanoa (Rhodophyta, Batrachospermales). Bibliotheca Phycologica 116. J. Cramer. Pp. 78. ISBN 978-3-443-60043-3.

Kumano, S. 2002. Freshwater red algae of the world. Biopress Ltd. 375pp.

Entwisle, T. J. & Foard, H. J. 1999. Batrachospermum (Batrachospermales, Rhodophyta) in Australia and New Zealand: New taxa records in Sections Contorta and Hybrida. Austral. Syst. Bot. 12: 615-633.